The FDA has facilitated several research projects on the extent to which raw manures may contain pathogens, and how those pathogens may survive in soils amended with this manure. The agency has funded research with USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS), as well as other research. This includes work with one of our Center for Excellence Partnerships – the Western Center for Food Safety at the University of California, Davis – to investigate how soil type, geographical location, manure type and seasonal conditions that may affect the persistence and survival of pathogens in the produce-growing environment.